Special effects have been present in films ever since the beginning of cinematography itself. Because of its broad nature in manipulating the realities shown on film, camera work itself can be denoted as special effects. Perhaps the first actual motion picture special effect was in 1895 when Alfred Clark filmed a reenactment of the beheading of Mary, Queen of Scots. In this instance, camera trickery was used, in which before the axe was brought down upon the actor, the camera was stopped, and the actor was replaced with a prop.